Aung San Suu Kyi

出典: Wikipedio

Template:Infobox Person Template:Burmese characters Aung San Suu Kyi (Template:MYname; Template:IPA-my; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and was General Secretary of the National League for Democracy. In the 1990 general election, Aung San Suu Kyi was elected Prime Minister,<ref name="Pravda online">Aung San Suu Kyi should lead Burma, Pravda Online. 25 September 2007</ref><ref name="equalitynow.org"/><ref name="Times of India">MPs to Suu Kyi: You are the real PM of Burma. The Times of India. 13 June 2007</ref><ref name="Book Ideas">Walsh, John. (February 2006). Letters from Burma. Shinawatra International University.</ref><ref name="DE">Deutsche Welle Article: Sentence for Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi sparks outrage and cautious hope Quote: The NLD won a convincing majority in elections in 1990, the last remotely fair vote in Burma. That would have made Suu Kyi the prime minister, but the military leadership immediately nullified the result. Now her party must decide whether to take part in a poll that shows little prospect of being just.</ref><ref name="Penny">The Hon. PENNY SHARPE Speech: In 1990 Daw Aung San Suu Kyi stood as the National League for Democracy's candidate for Prime Minister in the Burmese general election. The National League forDemocracy won in a landslide. But instead of her taking her rightful place asBurma's new Prime Minister, the military junta refused to hand over power. Page: 52</ref><ref name="Global Post">A twist in Aung San Suu Kyi's fate Article: How a Missouri Mormon may have thwarted democracy in Myanmar.By Patrick Winn — GlobalPost Quote: "Suu Kyi has mostly lived under house arrest since 1990, when the country's military junta refused her election to the prime minister's seat. The Nobel Peace Laureate remains backed by a pro-democracy movement-in-exile, many of them also voted into a Myanmar parliament that never was." Published: May 21, 2009 00:48 ETBANGKOK, Thailand</ref> as leader of the winning National League for Democracy party, which won 59% of the vote and 394 of 492 seats. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She has remained under house arrest in Myanmar for almost 14 out of the past 20 years.<ref name=sk>Moe, Wait (3 August 2009). Suu Kyi Questions Burma’s Judiciary, Constitution. The Irrawaddy.</ref>

Aung San Suu Kyi was the recipient of the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the Government of India.

Aung San Suu Kyi is the third child and only daughter of Aung San, considered to be father of modern-day Burma. She is frequently called Daw Aung San Suu Kyi; Daw is not part of her name, but is an honorific similar to madam for older, revered women, literally meaning "aunt".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She is often referred to as "Daw Suu" by the Burmese, and as "Ms. Suu Kyi", "Mrs. Suu Kyi", or "Dr Suu Kyi" by the foreign media although she has no surname.

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Personal life

Template:Politics of Burma

Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in Yangon.<ref>macampaign.org.uk/aboutburma/aung_san_suu_kyi.htm A biography of Aung San Suu Kyi]. Burma Campaign.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2009.</ref> Her name is derived from three relatives; "Aung San" from her father, "Kyi" from her mother and "Suu" from her grandmother.<ref name="Nobel.org">Aung San Suu Kyi – Biography. Nobel Prize Foundation.</ref> Her father, Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burma's independence from the United Kingdom in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo in Rangoon. Her favourite brother Aung San Lin died at age eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake in the grounds of the house.<ref name="Nobel.org" /> Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen.<ref name="Nobel.org" /> After Lin's death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where she met people of very different backgrounds, political views and religions.<ref>Stewart (1997), p. 31</ref> Suu Kyi was educated in Methodist English High School (Now known as Basic Education High School No.1 Dagon<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon1</ref>) for much of her childhood in Burma where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages.<ref>Stewart (1997), p. 32</ref> She is a Theravada Buddhist.

Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political figure in the newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960, and Aung San Suu Kyi followed her there, graduating from Lady Shri Ram College with a degree in politics in New Delhi in 1964.<ref name = "azjarp">A biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma Campaign.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2009.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Suu Kyi continued her education at St Hugh's College, Oxford, obtaining a B.A. degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics in 1969. After graduating, she lived in New York City with a family friend and worked at the United Nations for three years, primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future husband Dr. Michael Aris.<ref>Staff reporter (18 June 2009). Before the storm: Aung San Suu Kyi photograph peels back the years. The Guardian.</ref> In 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi married Aris, a scholar of Tibetan culture, living abroad in Bhutan.<ref name = "azjarp" /> The following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London; their second son, Kim, was born in 1977. Following this, she earned a Ph.D. at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in 1985. She was elected an Honorary Fellow in 1990.<ref name="azjarp" /> For two years she was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked for the government of the Union of Burma.

In 1988 Suu Kyi returned to Burma at first to tend for her ailing mother but later to lead the pro-democracy movement. Aris’s visit in Christmas 1995 turned out to be the last time that he and Suu Kyi met, as Suu Kyi remained in Burma and the Burmese dictatorship denied him any further entry visas.<ref name = "azjarp" /> Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1997 which was later found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and organizations, including the United States, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II, the Burmese government would not grant Aris a visa, saying that they did not have the facilities to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. She was at that time temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to depart, fearing that she would be refused re-entry if she left, as she did not trust the junta's assurance that she could return.<ref>Suu Kyi rejects UK visit offer. BBC News. 26 March 1999.</ref>

Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She also remains separated from her children, who live in the United Kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Suu Kyi lost her roof and was living in virtual darkness after losing electricity in her dilapidated lakeside residence. She used candles at night as she was not provided any generator set.<ref>Official: UN plane lands in Myanmar with aid after cyclone, Associated Press. 2 May 2008.</ref> Plans to renovate and repair the house were announced in August 2009.<ref>Aung San Suu Kyi’s home to be renovated. Mizzima. 10 August 2009.</ref>

Political beginnings

Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma in 1988 to take care of her ailing mother. By coincidence, in the same year, the long-time leader of the Socialist ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down, leading to mass demonstrations for democracy on 8 August 1988 (8-8-88, a day seen as auspicious), which were violently suppressed. On 26 August 1988, she addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling for a democratic government.<ref name="azjarp" /> However in September, a new military junta took power. Later the same month, the National League for Democracy (NLD) was formed, with Suu Kyi as general secretary.

Influenced by both Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and by more specifically Buddhist concepts,<ref>Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series) (1999) by Gustaaf Houtman, ISBN 978-4872977486</ref> Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for democratization, helped found the National League for Democracy on 27 September 1988, and was put under house arrest on 20 July 1989. She was offered freedom if she left the country, but she refused.

One of her most famous speeches is the "Freedom From Fear" speech, which begins, "It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it."

She also believes fear spurs many world leaders to lose sight of their purpose. "Government leaders are amazing," she once said. "So often it seems they are the last to know what the people want."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Political career

1990 general election

In 1990, the military junta called a general election, which the National League for Democracy won by an overwhelming 82% of the votes. Being the NLD's candidate, Aung San Suu Kyi under normal circumstances would have assumed the office of Prime Minister.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Instead, the results were nullified, and the military refused to hand over power. This resulted in an international outcry. Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest at her home on University Avenue (Template:Coord) in Rangoon. During her arrest, she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize the year after. Her sons Alexander and Kim accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on her behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi used the Nobel Peace Prize's 1.3 million USD prize money to establish a health and education trust for the Burmese people.<ref>Miller (2001), p. 21</ref>

House arrest

Aung San Suu Kyi has been placed under house arrest on numerous occasions since she began her political career, totalling 14 of the past 20 years.<ref name=sk/> During these periods, she has been prevented from meeting her party supporters; international visitors, likewise, have been prevented from meeting her. She lives with her two maids and receives visits from her doctor. In an interview, Suu Kyi said that while under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her husband had sent her.<ref>Aung San Suu Kyi interview (video). YouTube.</ref> She would also occupy her time by playing the piano and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as her personal doctor.<ref>Buncombe, Andrew (5 July 2009). 5,000 days in captivity: The world's most famous political prisoner and a dismal landmark. The Independent.</ref>

The media have also been prevented from visiting. In 1998, journalist Maurizio Giuliano, after photographing her, was stopped by customs officials, and all his films, tapes and some notes were confiscated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Suu Kyi met the leader of Burma, General Than Shwe, accompanied by General Khin Nyunt on 20 September 1994, while under house arrest. It was the first meeting since she had been placed in detention.<ref name = "azjarp" /> When the military government has released Suu Kyi from house arrest it has made it clear that, if she left the country to visit her family in the United Kingdom, it would not allow her return. On several occasions, Suu Kyi has been in poor health for severe weakness.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Suu Kyi continues to be imprisoned under the 1975 State Protection Act (Article 10 b), which grants the government the power to imprison persons for up to five years without a trial,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts (Article 10 a), as Suu Kyi is "likely to undermine the community peace and stability" of the country.<ref>Press conference on clarifying Articles 10 (a) and 10 (b) of the Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts held. New Light of Myanmar. 26 May 2009.</ref> She has appealed against her detention.<ref>Suu Kyi appeals to Myanmar junta against her detention: party AFP, 11 October 2008.</ref> Many nations and figures have continued to call for her release and that of 2,100 other political prisoners in the country.<ref>Myanmar dissident Suu Kyi completes 13 years under house arrest, Smart Brief. 24 October 2008.</ref><ref>EU envoy urges lifting of Aung San Suu Kyi's house arrest. eubusiness.com. 25 October 2008.</ref>

UN involvement

The UN has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Suu Kyi.<ref name=bc>Biography Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma Campaign.</ref> On 6 May 2002, following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the United Nations, the government released her; a government spokesman said that she was free to move "because we are confident that we can trust each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the country". However on 30 May 2003, a government-sponsored mob attacked her caravan in the northern village of Depayin, murdering and wounding many of her supporters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Aung San Suu Kyi fled the scene with the help of her driver, Ko Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reaching Ye-U. The government imprisoned her at Insein Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent a hysterectomy in September 2003,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the government again placed her under house arrest in Rangoon.

The results from the UN facilitation have been mixed; Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma, met with Aung San Suu Kyi. Ismail resigned from his post the following year, partly because he was denied re-entry to Burma on several occasions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several years later in 2006, Ibrahim Gambari, UN Undersecretary-General (USG) of Department of Political Affairs, met with Aung San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign official since 2004.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He also met with Suu Kyi later the same year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 2 October 2007 Gambari returned to talk to her again after seeing Than Shwe and other members of the senior leadership in Naypyitaw.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> State television broadcast Suu Kyi with Gambari, stating that they had met twice. This was Suu Kyi's first appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention began.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention rendered an Opinion (No. 9 of 2004) that her deprivation of liberty was arbitrary, as being in contravention of Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, and requested that the authorities in Burma set her free, but the authorities have so far ignored this request.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Such claims were rejected by Major-General Khin Yi, the national police chief of Burma. On 18 January 2007, the state-run paper The New Light of Myanmar accused Suu Kyi of tax evasion for spending her Nobel Prize money outside of the country. The accusation followed the defeat of a US-sponsored United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to international security; the resolution was defeated because of strong opposition from China, which has strong ties with the military junta (China later voted against the resolution, along with Russia and South Africa).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In November 2007 it was reported that Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National League for Democracy along with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official announcement on state TV and radio just hours after the United Nation's special envoy Ibrahim Gambari ended his second visit to Burma. The NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with Ms. Suu Kyi.<ref>Suu Kyi to meet party colleagues. BBC News. Retrieved 2007-11-08.</ref> However, the process delivered few concrete results.

On 3 July 2009, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, arrived in Myanmar on a journey seeking the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and to press the junta for democratic reform. However, on departing from Burma, Ban Ki-moon said he was "disappointed" with the visit after junta leader Than Shwe refused permission for him to visit Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was "deeply disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity."<ref>UN chief leaves Myanmar 'disappointed' with junta. The Jakarta Post. 5 July 2009</ref>

Periods under detention

  • 20 July 1989: Placed under house arrest in Rangoon under martial law that allows for detention without charge or trial for three years.<ref name=bc/>
  • 10 July 1995: Released from house arrest.<ref name="Nobel.org" />
  • 23 September 2000: Placed under house arrest.<ref name=sk/>
  • 6 May 2002: Released after 19 months.<ref name=sk/>
  • 30 May 2003: Arrested following the Depayin massacre, she was held in secret detention for more than three months before being returned to house arrest.<ref>Nakashima, Ellen (13 October 2003). Burma's Iron 'Aunty'. The Washington Post.</ref>
  • 25 May 2007: House arrest extended by one year despite a direct appeal from U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan to General Than Shwe.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 24 October 2007: Reached 12 years under house arrest, solidarity protests held at 12 cities around the world.<ref>Campaigners mark 12 years of detention for Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma Campaign UK, 24 October 2007</ref>
  • 27 May 2008: House arrest extended for another year, which is illegal under both international law and Burma's own law.<ref>UN: Suu Kyi detention 'illegal'. Al Jazeera. 16 May 2009</ref>
  • 11 August 2009: House arrest extended for 18 more months because of "violation" arising from the May 2009 trespass incident.

2007 anti-government protests

Template:Main Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases, and continued each day, despite the threat of a crackdown by the military.<ref name="Buddhist monk uprising ">Yahoo News on Buddhist monk uprising. Associated Press.</ref>

On Saturday, 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of her residence in Rangoon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who were marching in support of human rights.<ref name="AFP">Democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi greets Myanmar monks. AFP. 22 September 2007</ref> It was reported that she had been moved the following day to Insein Prison (where she had been detained in 2003),<ref name="Buddhist monk uprising2 ">Suu Kyi moved to Insein prison. Reuters. 25 September 2007</ref><ref name="BBC News ">Inside Burma's Insein jail. BBC News Online. 14 May 2009</ref><ref name="The Australian">Security tight amid speculation Suu Kyi jailed. The Australian. 28 September 2007</ref><ref name="Time.com">Burmese Junta silences the monks. TIME. 28 September 2007</ref> but meetings with UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari near her Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October established that she remained under house arrest.<ref>UN envoy sees top Burma dissident, BBC News Online, 30 September 2007</ref><ref>UN envoy holds key Burmese talks. BBC News Online. 2 October 2007</ref>

2009 trespass incident

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On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified as John Yettaw, swam across Inya Lake to her house uninvited and was arrested when he made his return trip three days later.<ref>McDonald, Mark (7 May 2009). U.S. Man Held After Swim to Burmese Nobel Peace Laureate’s Home. The New York Times.</ref> He had attempted to make a similar trip two years earlier, but for unknown reasons was turned away.<ref name=time>James, Randy (20 May 2009). John Yettaw: Suu Kyi's Unwelcome Visitor. Time.</ref> He later claimed at trial that he was motivated by a divine vision requiring him to notify her of an impending terrorist assassination attempt.<ref>The Times, May 28, 2009, Richard Lloyd Parr, "God asked me to warn her, swimmer John Yettaw tells Suu Kyi trial"</ref> On 13 May, Suu Kyi was arrested for violating the terms of her house arrest because the swimmer, who pleaded exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days before he attempted the swim back. Suu Kyi was later taken to Insein Prison, where she could face up to five years confinement for the intrusion.<ref>Kennedy, Maev (14 May 2009). Lake swimmer could cost Suu Kyi her freedom. The Guardian.</ref> The trial of Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of protesters gathered outside.<ref>Burma opposition leader on trial, Financial Times, 19 May 2009</ref><ref>Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi on trial, BBC News Online, 18 May 2009</ref> Diplomats and journalists are barred from attending the trial; however, on one occasion, several diplomats from Russia, Thailand and Singapore and journalists were allowed to meet Suu Kyi.<ref>Suu Kyi 'composed' at Burma trial, BBC News Online, 20 May 2009</ref> The prosecution had originally planned to call 22 witnesses.<ref>Lawyers for Aung San Suu Kyi protest innocence as trial begins, The Times, 18 May 2009</ref> It also accused John Yettaw of embarrassing the country.<ref name=wsj>Myanmar Court Charges Suu Kyi, Wall Street Journal, 22 May 2009</ref> During the ongoing defence case, Suu Kyi said she was innocent. The defence was only allowed to call one witness (out of four), while the prosecution has been permitted to call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses, NLD members Tin Oo and Win Tin and only permitted the defense to call a legal expert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to one unconfirmed report, the junta is planning to, once again, place her in detention, this time in a military base outside the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Suu Kyi's house to warn her that her life was "in danger".<ref>Suu Kyi's witnesses 'rejected', BBC News Online, 28 May 2009</ref> The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit" in the case filed against Suu Kyi.<ref>Myanmar says American main culprit in Suu Kyi case. AP. 25 June 2009</ref> According to aides, Suu Kyi spent her 64th birthday in jail sharing biryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.<ref>Aung San Suu Kyi celebrates 64th birthday with jail guards. The Guardian. 19 June 2009</ref>

Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations Security Council,<ref>UN calls for release of Suu Kyi, The Age, 24 May 2009</ref> Western governments,<ref>Western outcry over Suu Kyi case, BBC News Online, 18 May 2009</ref> South Africa,<ref>SAfrica urges immediate Aung San Suu Kyi release, AFP at IC Publications, 22 May 2009</ref> Japan<ref>Asian leaders call for release of Aung San Suu Kyi, Radio Australia, 15 May 2009</ref> and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, of which Burma is a member.<ref>Asian leaders condemn Burma trial, BBC News Online, 19 May 2009</ref> The Burmese government strongly condemned the statement, as it created an "unsound tradition"<ref>Myanmar protests ASEAN alternate chairman statement on Aung San Suu Kyi, Xinhua, 24 May 2009</ref> and criticised Thailand for meddling in its internal affairs.<ref>Burma lashes out at Thailand over Suu Kyi, Bangkok Post, 25 May 2009</ref> The Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win was quoted in the state-run newspaper New Light of Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international pressure on Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive changes in those countries' policies toward Burma".<ref name=wsj/> Ban responded to an international campaign<ref>Free Burma's Political Prisoners Now! Campaign.</ref> by flying to Burma to negotiate, but Than Shwe rejected all of his requests.<ref>Horn, Robert (5 July 2009). Ban Ki-Moon Leaves Burma Disappointed. Time.</ref>

On 11 August 2009 the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of eighteen months.<ref>Burma court finds Suu Kyi guilty. BBC News. 11 August 2009.</ref> On 14 August, U.S. Senator Jim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader Gen. Than Shwe and later with Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and deportation from Burma.<ref name="ap15aug">Template:Cite news</ref> Following the verdict of the trial, lawyers of Suu Kyi said, they would appeal against the 18-months sentence.<ref>McCurry, Justin (12 August 2009). Lawyers to appeal against Aung San Suu Kyi sentence. The Guardian.</ref> On 18 August, United States President Barack Obama asked the country's military leadership to set free all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi.<ref>Obama appeals to Myanmar junta to release Aung San Suu Kyi. The Times of India. 18 August 2009.</ref> In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued, that the conviction was unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese court on 2 October 2009, although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under which she had been charged, was null and void, but said the provisions of the 1975 security law, under which she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The verdict effectively means, she will be unable to participate in elections scheduled to take place in 2010 - the first in Burma in two decades. Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new appeal within 60 days.<ref>Burmese court rejects appeal against Aung San Suu Kyi house arrest</ref>

2009: International pressure for release, and Burmese general election 2010

Aung San Suu Kyi may be released "so she can organize her party," <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> for the upcoming Burmese general election. However, Ms Suu Kyi will not be allowed to run.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Burma's relaxing stance, such as releasing political prisoners was influenced in the wake of successful recent diplomatic visits by the US and other Democratic governments, urging of encouraging the Burmese towards democratic reform. U.S. President Barack Obama intends to personally advocate on the behalf of all political prisoners especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.<ref>http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_452398.html</ref>

Democratic governments hope that successful general elections would be a optimistic indicator of the Burmese governments sincerity towards eventual democracy.<ref name="atimes.com">http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KI30Ae01.html</ref>. The Hatoyama government which spent 2.82 Billion yen in 2008, has promised more Japanese foreign aid to encourage Burma release Aung San Suu Kyi in time for the elections; and to continue moving towards democracy and the rule of law.<ref>http://www.mizzima.com/news/regional/3025-japan-exhorts-burma-to-free-aung-san-suu-kyi-before-2010-poll-.html</ref>.<ref name="atimes.com"/>

In a personal letter to Ms Suu Kyi, UK Prime Minster Gordon Brown, cautioned the Burmese government of the potential consequences of rigging elections as "condemning Burma to more years of diplomatic isolation and economic stagnation".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Burmese government has been granting Ms Suu Kyi varying degrees of freedom throughout late 2009, in response to international pressure. She has met with many heads of state, and has opened a dialog with labor minister Aung Kyi (not to be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).<ref>Dialogs with government officials and Foreign Diplomats</ref>

Ms Suu Kyi was allowed, however, to meet with senior members of her NLD party, under close supervision, at the State House<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8415384.stm Join her!</ref>

International support

画像:Aung san suu kyi libera italy.jpg
There is widespread international support for Aung San Suu Kyi.
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All over the world, many are in solidarity with Aung San Suu Kyi and the Democracy Movement.

Aung San Suu Kyi has received vocal support from Western nations in Europe<ref name=iol>Myanmar offer is a 'sop' to the West. IOL. 7 October 2007</ref>, Australia<ref name=iol/> and North<ref name = "mgdwig">US House honours Burma's Suu Kyi BBC News, 18 December 2007.</ref> and South America, as well as India,<ref name="Times of India" /> Israel,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Japan<ref>Japan calls for Suu Kyi release. BBC News Online. 24 June 2003</ref> and South Korea.<ref>Leaders demand Suu Kyi's release 15 May 2007.</ref> In December 2007, the US House of Representatives voted unanimously 400–0 to award Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal; the Senate concurred on 25 April 2008.<ref>Schor, Elana (25 April 2008). Burmese detainee receives US honour. The Guardian.</ref> On 6 May 2008, President Bush signed legislation awarding Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal.<ref>Burma's cyclone death toll soars. BBC News Online. 6 May 2008.</ref> She is the first recipient in American history to receive the prize while imprisoned. Other non-American recipients of the medal include Sir Winston Churchill, Pope John Paul II, Nelson Mandela, the Dalai Lama and Mother Teresa.<ref name = "mgdwig" /> More recently, there has been growing criticism of her detention by Burma's neighbours in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, particularly from Indonesia,<ref>U.S., Indonesia call for Suu Kyi's release. Mizzima. 9 June 2009</ref> Thailand,<ref>Burma lashes out at Thailand over Suu Kyi. Bangkok Post. 25 May 2009</ref> the Philippines<ref>Philippine Daily Inquirer. 27 January 2008.</ref><ref>Myanmar urged to release peace activist Suu Kyi. Gulfnews. 30 May 2007.</ref> and Singapore.<ref>S'pore disappointed with extension of Aung San Suu Kyi's detention. Channel News Asia. 27 May 2009</ref> At one point Malaysia warned Burma faced expulsion from ASEAN as a result of the detention of Suu Kyi.<ref>Burma 'faces ASEAN expulsion'. BBC News Online. 20 July 2003</ref> Other nations including South Africa,<ref>SA calls for immediate release of Aung San Suu Kyi. Mail & Guardian. 22 May 2009</ref> Bangladesh<ref>432 eminent citizens call for Suu Kyi's freedom. Daily Star. 19 June 2006</ref> and the Maldives<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> have also called for her release. The United Nations has urged the country to move towards inclusive national reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for human rights.<ref>UN Secretary Repeats Call for Release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi 27 May 2007.</ref> In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for Suu Kyi's release—80 countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45 abstentions.<ref>UN General Assembly condemns Myanmar. Taipei Times. 26 December 2008</ref> Other nations, such as China and Russia are less critical of the regime and prefer to cooperate only on economic matters.<ref>Myanmar breaks own law holding Suu Kyi: UN panel. Daily Times of Pakistan. 25 March 2009</ref> Indonesia has urged China to push Burma for reforms.<ref>RI woos India, China over Suu Kyi. Jakarta Post. 13 June 2009</ref> However, Samak Sundaravej, former Prime Minister of Thailand, criticised the amount of support for Suu Kyi, saying that "Europe uses Aung San Suu Kyi as a tool. If it's not related to Aung San Suu Kyi, you can have deeper discussions with Myanmar."<ref>Thai PM says West uses Mynamar. Nasdaq.com. 25 August 2008</ref> U2 supported her on their 2009 U2 360° Tour by encouraging fans to wear masks with her likeness on them during the band's performance of the song "Walk On", which was originally written for her. In 2005, Irish singer songwriter Damian Rice released the single Unplayed Piano in support of Aung San Suu Kyi.

Vietnam, however, does not support calls by other ASEAN member states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state media reported Friday, 14 August. 2009.<ref>Vietnam supports Myanmar's efforts for reconciliation</ref> The state-run Viet Nam News said Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's decision 11 August 2009 to place Suu Kyi under house arrest for the next 18 months, effectively barring her from elections scheduled for 2010. "It is our view that the Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of Myanmar," Vietnamese government spokesman Le Dung stated on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with other ASEAN member states, Dung said Vietnam has always supported Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement the "roadmap to democracy" outlined by its government.<ref>Vietnam: Suu Kyi verdict ‘internal’ matter for Myanmar</ref>

Nobel Peace Prize

Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. The decision of the Nobel Committee mentions:<ref name="Nobel">Nobel Committee press release.</ref> Template:Quote

Nobel Peace prize winners (Archbishop Desmond Tutu, The Dalai Lama, Shirin Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Mairead Corrigan, Rigoberta Menchú, Prof. Elie Wiesel, U.S. President Barack Obama, Betty Williams, Jody Williams and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter) have called for the rulers of Burma to release Suu Kyi "create the necessary conditions for a genuine dialogue with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all concerned parties and ethnic groups in order to achieve an inclusive national reconciliation with the direct support of the United Nations."<ref name=bc/> Some of the money she received as part of the award helps fund London-based charity Prospect Burma, who provide higher education grants to Burmese students.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Organizations

Amnesty International (http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi/page.do?id=1101239) made Aung San Suu Kyi a priority case in the individuals at risk campaign. Amnesty International seeks the immediate and unconditional release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all prisoners of conscience in Myanmar. Amnesty International has created the Stand with Suu Kyi Project, whereby supporters can photograph themselves and others with a sign reading, "I Stand with Aung San Suu Kyi and the People of Myanmar." Amnesty International wants to gather at least 2,100 photos to represent the 2,100 political prisoners detained in Myanmar.

The Bommersvik Declarations

In Bommersvik, Sweden, in 1995 and 2002, two conventions of the Elected Representatives of the Union of Burma took place and the following two landmark declarations were issued:<ref name="Burma Library">Burma Library website.</ref><ref name="Landmark Declarations from Burma Lawyers' Council">Burma Lawyers' Council characterizes Declarations as Landmark.</ref>

Bommersvik Declaration I

In 1995, during the first convention that lasted from 16–23 July, the Representatives issued the Bommersvik Declaration I:<ref name="Bommersvik I Declaration">Bommersvik Declaration I, the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma.</ref>

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Bommersvik Declaration II

In 2002, during the second convention that lasted from 25 February to 1 March, the Representatives issued the Bommersvik Declaration II:<ref name="Bommersvik II Declaration">Bommersvik Declaration II, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma.</ref> Template:Quote

Books

Authored

Edited

  • Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson. Edited by Michael Aris and Aung San Suu Kyi. (1979). Vikas Publishing house, New Delhi.

Awards

Popular media

See also

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Footnotes

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Bibliography

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  • Miller, J. E. (2001). Who's who in contemporary women's writing. Routledge.
  • Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1740596954.
  • Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: fearless voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0822549314.

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Further reading

External links

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