Apple Inc.

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Apple Inc. (previously Apple Computer, Inc.) is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software; the iWork suite of productivity software; Aperture, a professional photography package; Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products; and Logic Studio, a suite of audio tools. As of January 2010, the company operates 284 retail stores<ref name = "MacRumors-iPad-event" /> in ten countries,<ref name = "AppleRetailStoreList">Template:Cite web</ref> and an online store where hardware and software products are sold.

Established on April 1, 1976 in Cupertino, California, and incorporated January 3, 1977,<ref name="orgincpr" /> the company was previously named Apple Computer, Inc. for its first 30 years, but removed the word "Computer" on January 9, 2007,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to reflect the company's ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market in addition to its traditional focus on personal computers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of September 26, 2009, Apple had 34,300 full time employees and 2,500 temporary full time employees worldwide<ref name="2009 Form 10-K filed October 27, 2009">[1]</ref> and had worldwide annual sales of $42.91 billion in its fiscal year ending September 26, 2009.<ref name="AppleRevisedQuarterlySales100125">Template:Cite web</ref>

For reasons as various as its philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design to its distinctive advertising campaigns, Apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. This includes a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world in 2008, 2009, and 2010.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In May 2010, Apple's market cap exceeded that of Microsoft for the first time since 1989.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

目次 1 History 1.1 1976–1980: The early years 1.2 1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh 1.3 1986–1993: Rise and fall 1.4 1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention 1.5 1998–2005: Return to profitability 1.6 2005–2007: The Intel transition 1.7 2007–present: Mobile Consumer Electronics Era 2 Current products 2.1 Mac and accessories 2.2 iPad 2.3 iPod 2.4 iPhone 2.5 Apple TV 2.6 Software 3 Culture 3.1 Corporate 3.2 Users 4 Corporate affairs 4.1 Headquarters 4.2 CEOs 4.3 Directors 4.4 Executives 4.5 Employees 4.6 Advertising 4.6.1 Logos 4.6.2 Slogans 4.6.3 Commercials 5 Environmental record 6 Criticism 6.1 Allegations of labor abuse in Chinese factories 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

History

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1976–1980: The early years

Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne,<ref name=AppleConf></ref> to sell the Apple I personal computer kit. They were hand-built by Wozniak<ref>IOL Technology – Co-founder tells his side of Apple story</ref><ref>NPR : A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak</ref> and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club.<ref>Wozniak, Stephen. Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be, Digital Deli. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> The Apple I was sold as a motherboard (with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips)—less than what is today considered a complete personal computer.<ref>Kahney, Leander. Rebuilding an Apple From the Past, Wired, November 19, 2002.</ref> The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66 ($Template:Formatprice in 2024 dollars, adjusted for inflation.)Template:Inflation-fn<ref>BBC News: History of Technology. Retrieved January 19, 2008.</ref><ref>Computer History Museum (ComputerHistory.org). Retrieved January 19, 2008.</ref><ref>Game Makers (TV Show): Apple II. Originally aired January 6, 2005.</ref><ref>Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price</ref><ref name="iWoz">Wozniak, Steven: "iWoz", page 180. W. W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7</ref>

Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977<ref name="orgincpr">Apple Investor Relations FAQ, Apple inc. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multi-millionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>"Apple Inc.Template:Dead link" MSN Encarta. Retrieved on March 2, 2007. Archived October 31, 2009.</ref>

The Apple II was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because it came with color graphics and an open architecture. While early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface, the Disk II.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the first "killer app" of the business world—the VisiCalc spreadsheet program.<ref name="lemvc">Hormby, Thomas. VisiCalc and the rise of the Apple II, Low End Mac, September 22, 2006. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II—compatibility with the office.<ref name="lemvc" /> According to Brian Bagnall, Apple exaggerated its sales figures and was a distant third place to Commodore and Tandy until VisiCalc came along.<ref></ref><ref>Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004 The figures show Mac higher, but that is not a single model.</ref>

By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line. The company introduced the ill-fated Apple III in May 1980 in an attempt to compete with IBM and Microsoft in the business and corporate computing market.<ref>Coventry, Joshua. Apple III Chaos: What Happened When Apple Tried to Enter the Business Market, Low End Mac, September 1, 2006. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref>

Jobs and several Apple employees including Jef Raskin visited Xerox PARC in December 1979 to see the Xerox Alto. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for the option to buy 100,000 shares of Apple at the pre-IPO price of $10 a share.<ref>Fool.com: How Xerox Forfeited the PC War [Fool on the Hill] September 18, 2000. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a graphical user interface (GUI), and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa.<ref>Apple at 30 – 1976 to 1986 | World of Apple. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>

In December 1980, Apple launched the initial public offering of its stock to the investing public.Template:Citation needed When Apple went public, it generated more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history. Several venture capitalists cashed out, reaping billions in long-term capital gains.Template:Citation needed

1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh

Steve Jobs began working on the Apple Lisa in 1978 but in 1982 he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting, and took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the Macintosh. A turf war broke out between Lisa's "corporate shirts" and Jobs' "pirates" over which product would ship first and save Apple. Lisa won the race in 1983 and became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI, but was a commercial failure due to its high price tag and limited software titles.<ref name="lemlisa">Hormby, Thomas. A history of Apple's Lisa, 1979–1986, Low End Mac, October 6, 2005. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref>

[[File:Macintosh 128k transparency.png|thumb|The first Macintosh, released in 1984.]] In 1984, Apple next launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by the now famous $1.5 million television commercial "1984". It was directed by Ridley Scott, aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984,<ref>Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers</ref> and is now considered a watershed event for Apple's success<ref>Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event</ref> and a "masterpiece".<ref name="masterpiece">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="cellini">Template:Cite web</ref>

The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong<ref name="lem1985">Hormby, Thomas. Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985, Low End Mac, October 2, 2006. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> due to its high price and limited range of software titles. The machine's fortunes changed with the introduction of the LaserWriter, the first PostScript laser printer to be offered at a reasonable price point, and PageMaker, an early desktop publishing package. The Mac was particularly powerful in this market due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were already necessarily built-in to create the intuitive Macintosh GUI. It has been suggested that the combination of these three products was responsible for the creation of the desktop publishing market.<ref>When was desktop publishing invented? Retrieved on April 30, 2007.</ref>

In 1985, a power struggle developed between Jobs and CEO John Sculley, who had been hired two years prior.<ref name="lemsculley">Hormby, Thomas. Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years, Low End Mac, February 22, 2006. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> The Apple board of directors felt that products such as the Macintosh had been a failure because of dismal sales. They instructed Sculley to "contain" Jobs and limit his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products. Rather than submit to Sculley's direction, Jobs attempted to oust him from his leadership role at Apple. Sculley found out that Jobs had been attempting to organize a putsch and called a board meeting at which Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties.<ref name="lem1985" /> Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Apple's sustained growth during the early 1980s was in great part due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to an implementation of the LOGO Programming Language by Logo Computer Systems Inc., (LCSI), for the Apple II platform. The success of Apple and LOGO in the education environment provided Apple with a broad base of loyal users around the world. The drive into education was accentuated in California by a momentous agreement concluded between Steve Jobs and Jim Baroux of LCSI, agreeing with the donation of one Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each public school in the state. The arrangement, eventually replicated in Texas, established a strong and pervasive presence for Apple in all schools throughout California, which ignited the acquisition of Apple IIs in schools across the country. The conquest of education became critical to Apple's acceptance in the home, as parents supported continued learning experience for children after school.

1986–1993: Rise and fall

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Having learned several painful lessons after introducing the bulky Macintosh Portable in 1989, Apple introduced the PowerBook in 1991, which established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop computer.<ref name="lempb">Hormby, Thomas. Birth of the PowerBook: How Apple took over the portable market in 1991, Low End Mac, November 23, 2005. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> The Macintosh Portable was designed to be just as powerful as a desktop Macintosh and turned out 17 pounds with a 12 hour battery life. Apple sold fewer than 100,000 units.Template:Citation needed The Powerbook was 7 pounds and had a 3 hour battery life, and sold a billion dollars worth within the first year.Template:Citation needed The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system, which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for Mac OS until 2001.

The success of the PowerBook and other products led to increasing revenue.<ref name="lemsculley" /> For some time, it appeared that Apple could do no wrong, introducing fresh new products and generating increasing profits in the process. The magazine MacAddict has named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the "first golden age" of the Macintosh.

Following the success of the Macintosh LC, Apple introduced the Centris line, a low end Quadra offering, and the ill-fated Performa line that was sold in several confusing configurations and software bundles to avoid competing with the various consumer outlets such as Sears, Price Club, and Wal-Mart, the primary dealers for these models. The result was disastrous for Apple as consumers did not understand the difference between models.

During this time Apple experimented with a number of other failed consumer targeted products including digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, video consoles, and TV appliances. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued Newton division based on John Sculley's unrealistic market forecasts. Ultimately, all of this proved too-little-too-late for Apple as their market share and stock prices continued to slide.

Apple saw the Apple II series as too expensive to produce, while taking away sales from the low end Macintosh.<ref>Apple II History Chap 11. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> In 1990, Apple released the Macintosh LC with a single expansion slot for the Apple IIe Card to migrate Apple II users to the Macintosh platform.<ref>Apple II History Chap 11. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Apple stopped selling the Apple IIe in 1993.

Microsoft continued to gain market share with Windows, focusing on delivering software to cheap commodity personal computers while Apple was delivering a richly engineered, but expensive, experience.<ref>1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response. Instead they sued Microsoft for using a graphical user interface similar to the Apple Lisa in Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation.<ref name="lemms">Hormby, Thomas. The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuit, Low End Mac, August 25, 2006. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> The lawsuit dragged on for years before it was thrown out of court. At the same time, a series of major product flops and missed deadlines sullied Apple's reputation, and Sculley was replaced by Michael Spindler.<ref>Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>

1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention

By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as the A/UX. The Macintosh platform was becoming outdated since it was not built for multitasking, and several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from OS/2 and UNIX vendors like Sun Microsystems. The Macintosh would need to be replaced by a new platform, or reworked to run on more powerful hardware.<ref>1990–1995: Hitting the Wall. Retrieved August 14, 2008.</ref>

In 1994, Apple allied with IBM and Motorola in the AIM alliance. The goal was to create a new computing platform (the PowerPC Reference Platform), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple's software. The AIM alliance hoped that PReP's performance and Apple's software would leave the PC far behind, thus countering Microsoft. The same year, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh, the first of many Apple computers to use IBM's PowerPC processor.<ref>Power Macintosh 6100. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>

In 1996, Michael Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio as CEO. Gil Amelio made many changes at Apple, including massive layoffs.<ref>Chaffin, Bryan. "Former Apple CEO Gil Amelio Lands A New CEO Job || The Mac Observer", The Mac Observer, February 6, 2001. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref> After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the Taligent project, then later with Copland and Gershwin, Amelio chose to purchase NeXT and its NeXTSTEP operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple as an advisor.<ref>Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc., Apple Inc., February 7, 1997. Retrieved on June 25, 2006.</ref> On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line.

At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would join Microsoft to release new versions of Microsoft Office for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock.<ref>Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh, Apple Inc., August 6, 1997.</ref>

On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store, tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.<ref>Harreld, Heather. "Apple gains tech, agency customers in Next deal", Federal Computer Week, January 5, 1997. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref><ref>"Apple unveils new marketing strategy. | Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service (November, 1997)". Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref>

1998–2005: Return to profitability

On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the Macintosh 128K: the iMac. The iMac design team was led by Jonathan Ive, who would later design the iPod and the iPhone.<ref name="levgrossman">Grossman, Lev. The Apple Of Your Ear, TIME, January 12, 2007. Retrieved on February 1, 2007.</ref><ref>Wilson, Greg. Private iCreator is genius behind Apple's polish, New York Daily News, January 14, 2007. Retrieved on February 1, 2007.</ref> The iMac featured modern technology and a unique design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months.<ref name="800kimacs">800,000 iMacs Sold in First 139 Days. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref>

Through this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of Macromedia's Final Cut software, signaling its expansion into the digital video editing market.<ref>Sarkar, Pia. "Friends and Foes/ Despite squabbles, Apple and Adobe have benefited from one another", SFGate, February 25, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref> The following year, Apple released two video editing products: iMovie for consumers, and Final Cut Pro for professionals, the latter of which has gone on to be a significant video-editing program, with 800,000 registered users in early 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2002 Apple purchased Nothing Real for their advanced digital compositing application Shake,<ref>Chaffin, Bryan. "Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software Maker || The Mac Observer", The Mac Observer, February 7, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref> as well as Emagic for their music productivity application Logic, which led to the development of their consumer-level GarageBand application.<ref>Apple Acquires Emagic, Apple, July 1, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref><ref>Deitrich, Andy. Garage Band: Part 1, ars technica, February 2, 2004. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref> iPhoto's release the same year completed the iLife suite.<ref>Apple Introduces iPhoto, Apple Inc., January 7, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref>

Mac OS X, based on NeXT's OPENSTEP and BSD Unix was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X's Classic environment.<ref>Apple – Support – Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger Classic Environment</ref>

On May 19, 2001, Apple opened the first official Apple Retail Stores in Virginia and California.<ref>ifo Apple Store – Apple Stores 2001–2003</ref> The same year, Apple introduced the iPod portable digital audio player. The product was phenomenally successful — over 100 million units were sold within six years.<ref>Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand, BBC News, January 18, 2006. Retrieved on April 27, 2007.</ref><ref>Cantrell, Amanda. Apple's remarkable comeback story, CNN, March 29, 2006. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> In 2003, Apple's iTunes Store was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 billion downloads by June 19, 2008.<ref>iTunes Store Tops Five Billion Songs, Apple Inc., June 19, 2008. Retrieved on September 3, 2008.</ref>

Since 2001 Apple's design team has progressively abandoned the use of translucent colored plastics first used in the iMac G3. This began with the titanium PowerBook and was followed by the white polycarbonate iBook and the flat-panel iMac.<ref>"Apple revamps iBook. | Network World (May, 2001)", Network World, May 2, 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2008.</ref><ref>Magee, Mike. "iMac "All-in-One" is a trinity – The INQUIRER", The Inquirer, January 26, 2002. Retrieved August 19, 2008.</ref>

2005–2007: The Intel transition

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At the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing Intel-based Mac computers in 2006.<ref name="printel">Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006, Apple Inc., June 6, 2005. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> On January 10, 2006, the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to use Intel's Core Duo CPU. By August 7, 2006 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips, over 1 year sooner than announced.<ref name="printel" /> The Power Mac, iBook, and PowerBook brands were retired during the transition; the Mac Pro, MacBook, and MacBook Pro became their respective successors.<ref>Power Mac to Mac ProTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Apple Unveils New MacBook Featuring Intel Core Duo Processors</ref> On April 29, 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was building its own team of engineers to design microchips.<ref>In Major Shift, Apple Builds Its Own Team to Design Chips - WSJ.com</ref>

Apple also introduced Boot Camp to help users install Windows XP or Windows Vista on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple's market cap surpassed that of Dell.<ref name="modell">Gamet, Jeff. Apple Passes Dell's Market Cap, MacObserver, January 16, 2006. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> Nine years prior, Dell's CEO Michael Dell said that if he ran Apple he would "shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."<ref>Singh, Jal. Dell: Apple should close shop, CNET News, October 6, 1997. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref>

Although Apple's market share in computers has grown, it remains far behind competitors using Microsoft Windows, with only about 8 percent of desktops and laptops in the U.S.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2007–present: Mobile Consumer Electronics Era

Delivering his keynote at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would from that point on be known as Apple Inc. because computers are just one part of the company now. This change reflects the company's focus to mobile electronic devices from personal computers. The event also saw the announcement of the iPhone and the Apple TV.<ref name="MW2007">Apple – Hot News – Macworld 2007</ref> The following day, Apple shares hit $97.80, an all-time high at that point. In May, Apple's share price passed the $100 mark.<ref>AAPL surges past $100, target at $140, MacNN, April 26, 2007. Retrieved on July 10, 2007.</ref>

In an article posted on Apple's website on February 6, 2007, Steve Jobs wrote that Apple would be willing to sell music on the iTunes Store without DRM (which would allow tracks to be played on third-party players) if record labels would agree to drop the technology.<ref name="NewsMax">Jobs, Steve. Thoughts on Music, Apple Inc., February 6, 2007. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.</ref> On April 2, 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May.<ref>Jim Dalrymple. Apple, EMI offer higher-quality DRM free downloads, Playlist Magazine, February 6, 2007. Retrieved on April 7, 2007.</ref> Other record labels followed suit later that year.

[[File:IPad, iPhone, MacBook Pro.jpg|thumb| The Mac, iPad, and iPhone now form the core of Apple's business.]] In July of the following year, Apple launched the App Store to sell third-party applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch.<ref>Flandez, Raymund. "Programmers Jockey for iPhone Users at Apple Site", The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref> Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and brought in $1 million daily on average, with Jobs speculating that the App Store could become a billion-dollar business for Apple.<ref>McLaughlin, Kevin. "Apple's Jobs Gushes Over App Store Success – The Channel Wire – IT Channel News And Views by CRN and VARBusiness", ChannelWeb, August 11, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref> Three months later, it was announced that Apple had become the third-largest mobile handset supplier in the world due to the popularity of the iPhone.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that after over 20 years of attending Macworld, 2009 would be the last year Apple would be attending the Macworld Expo, and that Phil Schiller would deliver the 2009 keynote in lieu of the expected Jobs.<ref>"Chunkier sidekick to replace Jobs at Macworld", DoesWhat. Retrieved December 16, 2008.</ref> Almost exactly one month later, on January 14, 2009, an internal Apple memo from Jobs announced that he would be taking a six-month leave of absence, until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health and to allow the company to better focus on its products with out having the rampant media speculating about his health.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite Jobs' absence, Apple recorded its best non-holiday quarter (Q1 FY 2009) during the recession with a revenue of $8.16 billion and a profit of $1.21 billion.<ref>http://www.wealthalchemist.com/Blog/2009/04/apple-report-best-non-holiday-quarter/</ref>

After years of speculation and multiple rumored "leaks" Apple announced a large screen, tablet-like media device known as the iPad on January 27, 2010. The iPad runs the same touch based operating system that the iPhone uses and many of the same iPhone apps are compatible with the iPad. This gave the iPad a large app catalog on launch even with very little development time before the release. Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the US and sold more than 300,000 units on that day and reaching 500,000 by the end of the first week.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

Current products

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Mac and accessories

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• Mac mini, consumer sub-desktop computer and server introduced in January 2005.
• iMac, consumer all-in-one desktop computer that was first introduced by Apple in 1998. Its popularity helped revive the company's fortunes.<ref name="800kimacs" />
• Mac Pro, workstation-class desktop computer introduced in August 2006. It replaced the Power Macintosh.
• MacBook, consumer notebook introduced in 2006. It replaced the iBook.
• MacBook Air, ultra-thin, ultra-portable notebook, introduced in January 2008.
• MacBook Pro, professional portable computer alternative to the MacBook, available in 13, 15, and 17-inch variants, introduced in January 2006. It replaced the PowerBook.
• Xserve, rack mounted, dual or quad core, dual processor 1U server.

Apple sells a variety of computer accessories for Mac computers including the AirPort wireless networking products, Time Capsule, Cinema Display, Magic Mouse, the Apple Wireless Keyboard computer keyboard, and the Apple USB Modem.

iPad

Template:Main On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet, the iPad running a modified version of iOS. It offers multitouch interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, magazines, ebooks, textbooks, photos, movies, TV shows videos, music, word processing documents, spreadsheets, video games, and all existing iPhone apps.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> It also includes a mobile version of Safari for internet browsing, as well as access to the App Store, iTunes Library, iBooks store, contacts, and notepad. Content is downloadable via WIFI and optional 3G service or synced through the user's computer.<ref name="MacRumors-iPad-event" /> AT&T is currently the sole US provider of 3G wireless access for the iPad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

iPod

Template:Main [[File:IPod Nano 4G black crop.jpg|thumb|90px|iPod Nano]] On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the iPod digital music player. It has evolved to include various models targeting the wants of different users. The iPod is the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin, with more than 220 million units shipped as of September 9, 2009.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Apple has partnered with Nike to offer the Nike+iPod Sports Kit enabling runners to synchronize and monitor their runs with iTunes and the Nike+ website. Apple currently sells four variants of the iPod.

• iPod Classic (previously named iPod from 2001 to 2007), portable media player first introduced in 2001, currently available in a 160 GB model.
• iPod Nano, portable media player first introduced in 2005, currently available in 8 and 16 GB models. The newest generation has a 640x480 video camera (H.264, 30FPS) and an FM tuner with live pause and iTunes Tagging.
• iPod Shuffle, digital audio player first introduced in 2005, currently available in 2 and 4 GB models.
• iPod Touch, portable media player first introduced in September 2007. Currently available in 8, 32, and 64GB models. The 32 and 64GB Gen 3 models feature a faster processor and include voice control and an external microphone.

iPhone

Template:Main At the Macworld Conference & Expo in January 2007, Steve Jobs revealed the long anticipated<ref>Apple's Chief in the Risky Land of the Handhelds The New York Times</ref> iPhone, a convergence of an Internet-enabled smartphone and iPod.<ref name="apple.com">Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone</ref> The original iPhone combined a 2.5G quad band GSM and EDGE cellular phone with features found in hand held devices, running scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed iOS, formerly iPhone OS), with various Mac OS X applications such as Safari and Mail. It also includes web-based and Dashboard apps such as Google Maps and Weather. The iPhone features a Template:Convert touch screen display, 4, 8, or 16 GB of memory, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi (both "b" and "g").<ref name="apple.com" /> The iPhone first became available on June 29, 2007 for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB) with an AT&T contract.<ref>iPhone Premieres This Friday Night at Apple Retail Stores</ref> On February 5, 2008, Apple updated the original iPhone to have 16 GB of memory, in addition to the 8 GB and 4 GB models.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On June 9, 2008, at WWDC 2008, Steve Jobs announced that the iPhone 3G would be available on July 11, 2008.<ref>Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G</ref> This version added support for 3G networking, assisted-GPS navigation, and a price cut to $199 for the 8 GB version, and $299 for the 16 GB version, which was available in both black and white. The new version was visually different from its predecessor in that it eliminated the flat silver back, and large antenna square for a curved glossy black or white back. Following complaints from many people, the headphone jack was changed from a recessed jack to a flush jack to be compatible with more styles of headphones. The software capabilities changed as well, with the release of the new iPhone came the release of Apple's App Store; the store provided applications for download that were compatible with the iPhone. On April 24, 2009, the App Store surpassed one billion downloads.<ref>Apple’s Revolutionary App Store Downloads Top One Billion in Just Nine Months</ref> On June 8, 2009, at Apple's annual worldwide developers conference, the iPhone 3GS was announced, providing an incremental update to the device including faster internal components, support for faster 3G speeds, video recording capability, and voice control. On June 7, 2010, at WWDC 2010, the iPhone 4 was announced, which Apple says is "it's biggest leap since the original iPhone". The phone includes an all-new design, 960x640 display, Apple's A4 processor used in the iPad, a gyroscope for enhanced gaming, 5MP camera with LED flash, front-facing VGA camera and FaceTime video calling.

• iPhone 3GS, currently available in an 8 GB model.
• iPhone 4, currently available in 16 and 32 GB models.

Apple TV

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At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the Apple TV, (previously known as the iTV),<ref>Apple Announces iTunes 7 with Amazing New Features</ref> a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device links up to a user's TV and syncs, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer's iTunes library and streams from an additional four. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for storage, includes outputs for HDMI and component video, and plays video at a maximum resolution of 720p.<ref>Apple TV Coming to Your Living Room</ref> On May 31, 2007 a 160 GB drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model<ref>YouTube Coming to Apple TV</ref> and on January 15, 2008 a software update was released, which allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV.<ref>Apple Introduces New Apple TV Software & Lowers Price to $229</ref> In September 2009, Apple discontinued the original 40GB Apple TV and now continues to produce and sell the 160 GB Apple TV.

Software

Template:See also Apple develops its own operating system to run on Macs, Mac OS X, the latest version being Mac OS X v10.6 Snow Leopard. Apple also independently develops computer software titles for its Mac OS X operating system. Much of the software Apple develops is bundled with its computers. An example of this is the consumer-oriented iLife software package that bundles iDVD, iMovie, iPhoto, iTunes, GarageBand, and iWeb. For presentation, page layout and word processing, iWork is available, which includes Keynote, Pages, and Numbers. iTunes, QuickTime media player, Safari web browser, and Software Update are available as free downloads for both Mac OS X and Windows.

Apple also offers a range of professional software titles. Their range of server software includes the operating system Mac OS X Server; Apple Remote Desktop, a remote systems management application; WebObjects, Java EE Web application server; and Xsan, a Storage Area Network file system. For the professional creative market, there is Aperture for professional RAW-format photo processing; Final Cut Studio, a video production suite; Logic, a comprehensive music toolkit and Shake, an advanced effects composition program.

Apple also offers online services with MobileMe (formerly .Mac) that bundles personal web pages, email, Groups, iDisk, backup, iSync, and Learning Center online tutorials. MobileMe is a subscription-based internet suite that capitalizes on the ability to store personal data on an online server and thereby keep all web-connected devices in sync.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Announced at MacWorld Expo 2009, iWork.com allows iWork users to upload documents for sharing and collaboration. Template:Timeline of Apple Products

Culture

Corporate

Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that bucked the traditional notions of what a corporate culture should look like in organizational hierarchy (flat versus tall, casual versus formal attire, etc.). Other highly successful firms with similar cultural aspects from the same period include Southwest Airlines and Microsoft. Originally, the company stood in opposition to staid competitors like IBM by default, thanks to the influence of its founders; Steve Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple was a Fortune 500 company. By the time of the "1984" TV ad, this trait had become a key way the company attempts to differentiate itself from its competitors.<ref>Apple Corporate Culture</ref>

As the company has grown and been led by a series of chief executives, each with his own idea of what Apple should be, some of its original character has arguably been lost, but Apple still has a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that reliably draws talented people into its employ, especially after Jobs' return. To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program. Apple Fellows are those who have made extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to personal computing while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to a few individuals including Bill Atkinson,<ref name="hertzfeld">Hertzfeld, Andy. Credit Where Due,Folklore.org, January 1983. Retrieved on May 26, 2006.</ref> Steve Capps,<ref>Newton Hall of Fame!</ref> Rod Holt,<ref name="hertzfeld" /> Alan Kay,<ref name="yoyow">Eisenhart, Mary. Fighting Back For Mac, MicroTimes, 1997. Retrieved on May 26, 2006.</ref><ref>Hertzfeld, Andy. Leave of Absence,Folklore.org, March 1984. Retrieved on May 26, 2006.</ref> Guy Kawasaki,<ref name="yoyow" /><ref>Kawakami, John. Apple Taps Guy Kawasaki For Apple Fellows Program, MacTech, September 1995. Retrieved on May 26, 2006.</ref> Al Alcorn,<ref>Wired 4.10: Spawn of Atari</ref> Don Norman,<ref name="yoyow" /> Rich Page,<ref name="hertzfeld" /> and Steve Wozniak.<ref name="hertzfeld" />

Users

According to surveys by J. D. Power, Apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer. While this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product, Apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it. At one time, Apple evangelists were actively engaged by the company, but this was after the phenomenon was already firmly established. Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki has called the brand fanaticism "something that was stumbled upon".<ref>Huba, Jackie; McConnell, Ben. The father of evangelism marketing.</ref> Apple has, however, supported the continuing existence of a network of Mac User Groups in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available.

Mac users would meet at the European Apple Expo and the San Francisco Macworld Conference & Expo trade shows where Apple traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public until Apple pulled out of both events. While the conferences continue, Apple does not have official representation there. Mac developers, in turn, continue gather at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference.

Apple Store openings can draw crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as much as a day before the opening or flying in from other countries for the event.<ref>Apple Store: Chain of Devotion</ref> The New York City Fifth Avenue "Cube" store had a line as long as half a mile; a few Mac fans took the opportunity of the setting to propose marriage.<ref>ifo Apple Store – Fifth Avenue Grand Opening</ref> The Ginza opening in Tokyo was estimated in the thousands with a line exceeding eight city blocks.<ref>JapanConsuming.com: Apple in OsakaTemplate:Dead link</ref>

John Sculley told The Guardian newspaper in 1997: "People talk about technology, but Apple was a marketing company. It was the marketing company of the decade."<ref>Wired News: Apple: It's All About the Brand</ref>

Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from an unusually artistic, creative, and well-educated population, which may explain the platform's visibility within certain youthful, avant-garde subcultures.<ref>Fried, Ian. Are Mac users smarter?, news.com, July 12, 2002. Retrieved on April 24, 2006.</ref>

Corporate affairs

Template:See also Apple has a history of vertical integration in their products, manufacturing the hardware on which they pre-install their software.Template:Citation needed

During the Mac's early history Apple generally refused to adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, instead creating their own.<ref>Mac Ports</ref> This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s beginning with Apple's adoption of the PCI bus in the 7500/8500/9500 Power Macs. Apple has since adopted USB, AGP, HyperTransport, Wi-Fi, and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of standards such as USB.<ref>Standards and specs: The ins and outs of USB</ref> FireWire is an Apple-originated standard that has seen widespread industry adoption after it was standardized as IEEE 1394.<ref>1394 Trade Association: What is 1394?</ref>

Ever since the first Apple Store opened, Apple has sold third party accessories.<ref>Apple Marks Second Anniversary of Retail Stores</ref> This allows, for instance, Nikon and Canon to sell their Mac-compatible digital cameras and camcorders inside the store. Adobe, one of Apple's oldest software partners,<ref>Opinion: Adobe's DNA is part of Apple | Macworld</ref> also sells its Mac-compatible software, as does Microsoft, who sells Microsoft Office for the Mac. Books from John Wiley & Sons, who publishes the For Dummies series of instructional books, are a notable exception, however. The publisher's line of books were banned from Apple Stores in 2005 because Steve Jobs disagreed with their editorial policy.<ref>Hafner, Katie: Steve Jobs's Review of His Biography: Ban It, The New York Times, April 30, 2005.</ref>

Headquarters

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Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of Silicon Valley, at 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California. This Apple campus has six buildings that total Template:Convert and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos.<ref>Apple gobbles up Cupertino office space – Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal:</ref>

In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus on Template:Convert assembled from various contiguous plots. The new campus, also in Cupertino, will be about Template:Convert east of the current campus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

CEOs

• 1977–1981: Michael "Scotty" Scott
• 1981–1983: A. C. "Mike" Markkula
• 1983–1993: John Sculley
• 1993–1996: Michael Spindler
• 1996–1997: Gil Amelio
• 1997–present: Steve Jobs (Interim CEO 1997–2000)

• 2004 & 2009: Tim Cook (Acting CEO during Steve Jobs' health issues)

Directors

Template:See also

• Bill Campbell, Chairman of Intuit Inc.
• Millard Drexler, Chairman and CEO of J.Crew
• Al Gore, Former Vice President of the United States
• Steve Jobs, CEO and Co-founder of Apple; also a director of The Walt Disney Company
• Andrea Jung, Chairman and CEO of Avon Products
• Arthur D. Levinson, Chairman and CEO of Genentech

Executives

Template:See also

• Steve Jobs, Chief Executive Officer
• Timothy D. Cook, Chief Operating Officer
• Peter Oppenheimer, Chief Financial Officer
• Philip W. Schiller, Senior Vice President of Worldwide Product Marketing (replacement for Steve Jobs during hospitalization)
• Mark Papermaster, Senior Vice President of Devices Hardware Engineering
• Jonathan Ive, Senior Vice President of Industrial Design
• Bertrand Serlet, Senior Vice President of Software Engineering
• Ron Johnson, Senior Vice President of Retail
• Sina Tamaddon, Senior Vice President of Applications
• Scott Forstall, Senior Vice President of iPhone Software
• Bob Mansfield, Senior Vice President Mac Hardware
• Daniel Cooperman, General Counsel and Secretary

Employees

Template:See also Since formation of the Apple Computer Company in 1977, it (as Apple Computer, Inc.) has employed over 75,000 people worldwide. Most of Apple's employees have been located in the United States but Apple has substantial manufacturing, sales, marketing, and support organizations worldwide, with some engineering operations in Paris and Tokyo.

Apple employees include employees of companies acquired by Apple as well as subsidiaries such as FileMaker Inc. and Braeburn Capital.

Advertising

Template:Main Template:See Since the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984 with the 1984 Super Bowl commercial to the more modern 'Get a Mac' adverts, Apple has been recognized in the past for its efforts towards effective advertising and marketing for its products, though its advertising has been criticized for the claims of some more recent campaigns, particularly 2005 Power Mac ads<ref>BBB Tells Apple to Halt Misleading Ads</ref><ref>Apple Power Mac ads 'misleading'</ref><ref>UK watchdog clears Apple ads</ref> and iPhone ads in Britain.

Logos

See also: U+F8FF or , seen as the Apple logo in some fonts.

Apple's first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicts Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately, though, this was replaced by Rob Janoff's "rainbow Apple", the now-familiar rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it. Janoff presented Jobs with several different monochromatic themes for the "bitten" logo, and Jobs immediately took a liking to it. While Jobs liked the logo, he insisted it be in color to humanize the company.<ref>Wired News: Apple Doin' the Logo-Motion</ref><ref>ZLOK Logo Design Blog: I Invented ... the Apple Logo</ref> The Apple logo was designed with a bite so that it would be recognized as an apple rather than a cherry. The colored stripes were conceived to make the logo more accessible, and to represent the fact the monitor could reproduce images in color<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>. The logo is often erroneously referred to as a tribute to Alan Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his method of suicide.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Both the designer of the logo<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the company deny that there is any homage to Turing in the design of the logo.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

In 1998, with the roll-out of the new iMac, Apple discontinued the rainbow theme and began to use monochromatic themes, nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation.

Slogans

Template:Main Apple's first slogan, "Byte into an Apple", was coined in the late 1970s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From 1997–2002, Apple used the slogan Think Different in advertising campaigns. The slogan had a lasting impact on their image and revived their popularity with the media and customers. Although the slogan has been retired, it is still closely associated with Apple.<ref>Apple Think Different Campaign | The Inspiration Room Daily. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Apple also has slogans for specific product lines — for example, "iThink, therefore iMac" was used in 1998 to promote the iMac,<ref>MacWorld New York: I think, therefore iMac. Retrieved August 13, 2008.</ref> and "Say hello to iPhone" has been used in iPhone advertisements.<ref>BillDay.com » Say hello to iPhone. Retrieved August 13, 2008.</ref> "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, Newton, iMac ("hello (again)"), and iPod.<ref>IMac: What's in a Design, Anyway?. Wired Magazine. Retrieved February 15, 2010.</ref>

Commercials

Template:See also Apple's product commercials gained fame for launching musicians into stardom as a result of their eye-popping graphics and catchy tunes.<ref name="Daily News">Farber, Jim. Apple ad creates recognition for Yael Naim, New York Daily News, March 11, 2008.</ref> First, the company popularized Canadian singer Feist's "1234" song in its ad campaign.<ref name="Daily News" /> Then Apple used the song "New Soul" by French-Israeli singer-songwriter Yael Naim to promote the MacBook Air.<ref name="Daily News" /> The debut single shot to the top of the charts and sold hundreds of thousands of copies in a span of weeks.<ref name="Daily News" />

Environmental record

Greenpeace, an environmentalist organization, has confronted Apple on various environmental issues, including promoting a global end-of-life take-back plan, non-recyclable hardware components, and toxins within the iPhone hardware.<ref name=itox /><ref>ABC News: Is the iPhone Toxic? Greenpeace Says SoTemplate:Dead link. ABC News. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Since 2003 they have campaigned against Apple regarding their chemical policies, in particular the inclusion of PVC and BFRs in their products, both of which have serious negative health effects.<ref name=itox>iTox + iWaste. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> On May 2, 2007, Steve Jobs released a report announcing plans to eliminate PVC and BFRs by the end of 2008.<ref name="agreenapple">Apple – A Greener Apple. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref><ref>Tasty news from Apple!. Greenpeace International. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>

Greenpeace runs a "Guide to Greener Electronics", which rates companies on chemical-disposal waste-reduction practices. In the first edition, released in August 2006, Apple scored 2.7/10.<ref>How the companies line up. Greenpeace International. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> In subsequent editions Apple's score has improved steadily.<ref>How the companies line up: 2nd Edition. Greenpeace International. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref><ref>How the companies line up: 3rd Edition. Greenpeace International. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref><ref>How the companies line up: 4th Edition Greenpeace International. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref><ref>How the companies line up: 6th Edition Greenpeace International. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Apple soon improved its score to a 4.1/10, placing it in the 45^th percentile among 17 other electronic companies and 10^th in the rankings.<ref>Company scores plummet in Greener Electronics Guide Greenpeace USA.</ref>

At the 2007 Macworld Expo, Greenpeace presented a critique of Apple. Rick Hind, the legislative director of Greenpeace's toxics campaign, said, "(The company) is getting greener, but not green enough." Hind commented further, "The Macbook Air has less toxic PVC plastic and less toxic BFRs, but it could have zero and that would make Apple an eco-leader."<ref name="hylwpa">Apple's 'Green' Notebook Doesn't Impress Environmentalists. Wired. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>

In May 2008, Climate Counts, a nonprofit organization dedicated to directing consumers toward the greenest companies, gave Apple 11 points out of a possible 100, which placed the company last among electronics companies. Climate Counts also labeled Apple with a "stuck icon," and the environmental group added that Apple was "a choice to avoid for the climate conscious consumer."<ref>Environmental Group Hits Apple</ref>

The Environmental Protection Agency rates Apple highest amongst producers of notebook computers, and fairly well compared to producers of desktop computers and LCD displays.<ref>EPA Gives Apple Silver Rating on Environment The Mac Observer.</ref><ref name="redgreenpeace">EPA information should make GreenPeace red-faced over Apple targeting, Ars Technica. Retrieved on January 8, 2007.</ref>

In June 2007, Apple upgraded the MacBook Pro, replacing cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlit LCD displays with mercury-free LED backlit LCD displays and arsenic-free glass,<ref name="2008envroUpdate">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> and has since done this for all notebooks. Apple has also phased out BFRs and PVCs from various internal components.<ref name="agreenapple" /><ref name="green_notebooks">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Apple: MacBook Pro Graphics. Retrieved on June 8, 2007.</ref> Apple also offers detailed information about the emissions, materials, and electrical usage of each product.<ref name="EnvironmentalPerformance">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> Apple has also begun to advertise how environmentally friendly their new laptops are with television spots and magazine ads along with stating these facts on their website.Template:Citation needed

In June 2009, Apple's iPhone 3GS was free of PVC, arsenic, BFR's and had an efficient power adapter.<ref name="Apple-environmental-news">Template:Cite web</ref>

In October 2009, Apple upgraded the iMac and MacBook, replacing the cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlit LCD displays with mercury-free LED backlit LCD displays and arsenic-free glass.<ref>iMac and the Environment</ref> This means all Apple computers have mercury free LED backlit displays, arsenic-free glass and are without PVC cables. All Apple computers also have EPEAT Gold status.<ref name="Apple-environmental-news" />

Criticism

Template:Main Apple has been criticized from both user and developer perspectives over disabling Google Voice from their online store for iPhone,<ref>FCC Takes On Apple And AT&T Over Google Voice Rejection</ref> pressuring journalists to reveal their sources regarding future Apple products,<ref>Apple v. Does EFF, May 26, 2006. Retrieved on May 14, 2007.</ref> restrictive and long wait in approving or disapproving third party iPhone software, disabling iTunes syncing with third-party devices like Palm Pre, and the iPhone's US exclusivity with AT&T, along with questions and concerns about other app rejections and the general approval process for the iPhone's App Store.<ref name="app_store_criticism">Template:Cite news</ref> Philip W. Schiller, senior vice president of Apple's Worldwide Product Marketing, has tried to address many of the App Store concerns by sending letters to the respective developers.<ref name="app_store_criticism" />

Apple has a long history of litigious behavior. For more information see Apple Inc. litigation.

Allegations of labor abuse in Chinese factories

During the international launch of the iPad news reports broke of about a dozen suicides over the past year at the manufacturer Foxconn's complex in Shenzhen, China,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Spiegel-iPad-Foxconn">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> where products from many manufacturers including Apple, Dell, HP, Nokia and Sony are produced. Apple together with Dell, HP, Nokia and Sony have pledged to investigate the suicides.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2009 another employee killed himself when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated.<ref name="wsjDeaTsa20100527">Suicides Spark Inquiries Apple, H-P to Examine Asian Supplier After String of Deaths at Factory, Jason Dean, Ting-i Tsai, May 27, 2010, accessed May 27, 2010 </ref><ref name="wsjfoxsui">The Foxconn Suicides, May 28, 2010, wsj.com, WSJ opinion, accessed 2010 May 27 </ref>

References

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History

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Further reading

External links

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